Modifier Rules
What
is Modifier?
Modifier এমন একটি শব্দ বা শব্দগুচ্ছ (group of words/phrase/clause) যা অন্য কোনো শব্দের আগে বা পরে বসে তার অর্থ আরও
বোধগম্য করে তোলে বা বিশেষিত করে। যেসব শব্দ modifier হিসেবে
ব্যবহৃত হয়ে থাকে তার বেশিরভাগই হয় adjective নতুবা adverb।
মনে রাখবে, adjective-সমূহ noun বা pronoun-কে modify করে থাকে। আর adverb-সমূহ adjective, verb ও অন্য adverb-কে modify করে থাকে।
Apposition as modifier: একটি noun phrase যখন একই ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুকে modify করতে তার অব্যবহিত পরেই বসে বা শনাক্ত করে তখন তাকে apposition বলা হয়ে থাকে। যেমন- Jute, the golden fibre of Bangladesh. এখানে, Jute-এর ব্যাখ্যা হিসেবে the golden fibre of Bangladesh ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে যা apposition হিসেবে পরিচিত এবং এটি noun-টিকে শনাক্ত করেছে।
মূলত কোনো লেখাকে আরও পাঠযোগ্য/সাহিত্য মানসম্পন্ন করতে modifier-এর কোনো জুড়ি নেই। যাহোক, পরীক্ষার প্রশ্নপত্রে সুনির্দিষ্টভাবে একটি শব্দের আগে বা পরে স্থানটি খালি (গ্যাপ) রেখে উপযুক্ত modifier-টি ব্যবহার করতে বলা হবে।
Intensifier: Intensifier হচ্ছে এমন প্রকার adverb যা অপর একটি শব্দের পূর্বে (বিশেষত; adjective) বসে তার অর্থকে আরও তীব্র বা প্রবলতর করে তোলে। very, really, extremely, amazingly, exceptionally, incredibly, remarkably, particularly, unusually enough (adj. এর পরে বসে) ইত্যাদি।
Modifier দুই প্রকার। যথা:
(i)
Pre-modifier এবং
(ii)
Post-modifier.
এছাড়া
আরও এক প্রকার Modifier আছে যা Dangling
Modifier নামে পরিচিত।
Pre-modifier
Noun কিংবা noun phrase-এর পূর্বে যেসব modifier বসানো হয় সেগুলোকে pre-modifier বলা হয়। Adjective সাধারণত pre- modifier হিসেবে ব্যাপকভাবে ব্যবহৃত হয়। এছাড়াও determiners, quantifiers, possessives এবং noun-adjective ও pre- modifiers হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়।Examples:
Ø Sabrina is a beautiful girl.
Ø She is a meritorious student.
Ø Her smiling face is loved by all.
Ø The red house is at the end of the street.
Ø The author has moral rights.
Ø She came from a poor family.
Ø No one likes tiresome works.
Ø Do not alight from a moving bus.
Ø We can hear the sound of running water.
Ø Training is part of our ongoing career development program.
Ø Teaching young children is a challenging and rewarding job.
Ø The story should act as a warning to other prospective buyers.
Ø We have a very communicative approach to teaching languages.
Ø Badhon was subjected to a degrading strip-search.
Ø The test has scores of verbal skills, mathematical skills and abstract reasoning skills.
Ø London quickly became a flourishing port.
উপরের Sentence-গুলোতে beautiful, meritorious, smiling, red, moral, poor, tiresome, moving, running, ongoing, young, challenging, rewarding, prospective, communicative, degrading, verbal, mathematical, reasoning, flourishing Adjective-গুলো Noun-এর পূর্বে ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে বলে এগুলো Pre-modifier.
1) Adjective as pre-modifiers: নিচের passage-দুটি পড় এবং বিশেষিত noun-গুলোর পূর্বে কীভাবে adjective ব্যবহৃত হয় তা দেখ। Bold করা শব্দগুলো হলো pre-modifier.
Passage 1
We had a pleasant journey this time. We booked a spacious room with comfortable beds. We enjoyed a fabulous outing in the evening, followed by a grand dinner. In that big dining hall, we listened to the plano played by a local artist. As we got back to the hotel, the soothing melody of the piano was still heard in the serenity of the virgin night.
Passage 2
Mugging is a violent crime in society. People should be aware of the increasing incidence of mugging nowadays. Otherwise, an evil shadow will cover the glorious rays of the upcoming future of our society. The present government should make strict law to give the desperate criminals the highest punishment.
একটি adjective নিজেই adverb দ্বারা modified হতে পারে। নিচের bold করা শব্দগুলো লক্ষ করো। এগুলো অনুগামী adjective-গুলোকে modify করছে:
Passage 1
We had a very pleasant journey this time. We booked a spacious room with really comfortable beds. We enjoyed a quite fabulous outing in the evening, followed by a grand dinner.
Passage 2
Pushpita is very glad to receive her friend's letter after such a long time. Reading the letter, she can come to know that her friend is now fully engaged in student politics. Pushpita was so frustrated to know this about her friend.
2) Present Participle as Pre-modifier: Present Participle (মূল Verb-এর Present form+ing) Pre-modifier হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়।
Examples:
· A barking dog seldom bites.
· A drowning man catches at a straw.
· Only the promising students can cut a good figure in the exam.
· Don't get down from a running bus.
· The small girl is looking at the flying bird in the sky.
· This is my reading room.
· Develop your writing skill.
· The flying clouds looked like the artist's drawing pictures on a surface of shining blue.
· The dancing girl is my sister.
· Look at that swimming boy.
· Dina lives with her ageing mother.
3) Past Participle as Pre-modifier: Past Participle (মূল Verb-এর Past Participle) Pre-modifier হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়।
Examples:
· An educated man is honoured by all.
· He lives in an abandoned cottage.
· Polluted/Contaminated water is detrimental to health.
· Every person likes a learned man.
· Don't come to me with a broken heart.
· The man came to me with a settled case.
· She has an aged mother.
· The Chinese only could respond in broken English.
· I like to eat boiled eggs.
· Since he stopped drinking, he is a changed man.
· Mathematics has always been a closed book to me.
4) Determiners সাধারণত Pre-modifier হিসেবে কাজ করে। নিচে কতগুলো Common determiners দেয়া হলো: a, an, any, another, both, certain, each, either, enough, every, few, half, last, less, little, many, more, most, much, neither, next, no, other, own, plenty, same, several, some, such, that, those, this, the, whole ইত্যাদি।
Examples:
This is a girl. The girl looks pretty.
These mangoes are green. Those mangoes are ripe. Do you want to buy ripe mangoes?
I have a pet dog.
Have you read any poems on summer?
This car is costly.
Every student will get a pen.
The next room was large.
উপরের Sentence-গুলোতে a, any, this, every, next প্রভৃতি Noun-এর পূর্বে determiner হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়ে Pre- modifier হিসেবে কাজ করছে। কোনো ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুকে নির্দিষ্টভাবে বোঝাতে আমরা বিভিন্ন ধরনের specific determiner ব্যবহার করে থাকি যেগুলো Pre-modifier হিসেবে কাজ করে। Specific determiner-গুলো:
The definite article : the
Demonstratives : this, that, these, those, such
Possessives : my, your, his, her, its, our, their, etc.
Examples:
§ The man was blind to his son's fault.
§ Those boys were naughty.
§ He is a student,
§ She is an MBBS.
§ We are doing this all without any support from the hospital.
§ They are going to have another baby.
§ Hold it in both hands.
§ That was the reason why she felt a certain bitterness.
§ Each book is beautifully illustrated.
§ I don't particularly agree with either group.
§ We have enough cash for a one-way ticket.
§ About one in every thirty people have clinical depression.
§ He was silent for a few seconds.
§ I drank a half measure of fresh lemon juice.
§ She got married last August.
§ We should eat less fat to reduce the risk of heart disease.
5) Quantifiers as pre-modifiers: Quantifiers যেমন much, many, several, some, a lot of, few, one, two, three, four five ইত্যাদি pre-modifiers হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়।
Examples:
(a) Many people came to meet you. They wanted to talk to you about the recent crisis in the ministry.
(b) There was a dreadful road accident yesterday. Three people died on the spot. Five people were severely injured in the accident.
6) Possessives as pre-modifiers: Possessives যেমন my, our, your, his, her, their, its ইত্যাদি pre-modifiers হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়।
Examples:
(a) Your attitude is objectionable. So, try to change it.
(b) Their movement is suspicious. So, keep an eye on them.
(c) I invited John back to my flat for a coffee. He is my best friend.
(d) We are all entirely responsible for our actions, and for our reactions.
(e) Fazlul splashed water on his face, then brushed his teeth.
(f) Her room was pleasant and airy.
(g) The baby threw its food on the floor.
7) Noun as Pre-modifier: অনেক সময়ে দুইটি Noun পাশাপাশি বসে একটি Noun অপর একটি Noun-কে Modify করে। এক্ষেত্রে ১ম Noun-টি ২য় Noun-টিকে Modify করে বলে প্রথম Noun-টি Adjective হিসেবে কাজ করে। এই Noun-টিকে Noun-Adj. বলা হয়।
Examples:
Ø She wanted to buy an air ticket.
Ø No passenger flight landed today.
Ø We enjoyed a cricket match yesterday.
Ø A football match was held two days ago between Brazil and Argentina.
Ø A boat journey is always attractive to me.
Ø We have a kitchen garden.
Ø Arpita had to dress her baby sister.
Ø He bought a race car yesterday.
Ø Mr. Trojan could not win the trophy for his sick race horse.
Ø A boat race was held two days ago in the river, Buriganga.
Ø The love story between Romeo and Juliet was undoubtedly praiseworthy.
Ø The war story always becomes pathetic.
8) Compound adjectives/multiple-word as pre-modifiers: Compound শব্দ প্রায়শ noun-এর pre-modifler হিসেবে কাজ করে। Compound শব্দ একাধিক শব্দ নিয়ে গঠিত এবং একটি adjective কিংবা noun হিসেবে কাজ করে।
Examples:
Ø This is a four-footed table.
Ø Selim is a part-time worker.
Ø I think it is an all-too-common error.
Ø She is a cold-blooded woman.
Ø All the members of my family love brightly-lit room.
Ø Everybody likes well-behaved men.
Ø We should be open-minded about things.
Ø Rahim submitted a six-page document yesterday.
Ø She has two-year-old baby.
Ø They would like you to be part of the decision-making process.
Ø Salman Khan is a well-known actor in Bollywood.
Ø The bank robbers tried to hatch their ill-conceived plan but failed.
Ø She lives in an English-speaking country.
Ø Our office is in a ten-storey building.
Ø I work an eight-hour day.
Ø The students have a three-week vacation this year.
Ø There was a five-second delay only.
পরিষ্কার ধারণার জন্য নিচের passage-এর bold করা শব্দগুলো লক্ষ করো:
The office has a group of hard-working executives. However, the owner of the firm has some pretty old-fashioned attitudes. For instance, he still uses an out-of-date computer programme for keeping his accounts. He has just bought a brand-new computer and we have some first-class accounting softwares. But I know, he is quite happy with those old ones.
একটি noun phrase-এ সাধারণত তিন, চার এমনকি পাঁচটি noun-এর ক্রম থাকতে পারে।
Example:
In that hot East Indian summer noon, I was walking along the crowded Bombay Bazaar Pavements looking desperately for a Lankan Airline ticket office.
9) Adjective modified by an Adverb: একটি Adjective নিজেই Adverb দিয়ে modified হতে পারে।
Examples:
Ø Hashim had a very interesting book.
Ø Our leader is a really honest person.
Ø The man is an actually pious one.
Ø We have a quite romantic mood today.
Ø Even quite young children can manage it.
Ø He was a truly great man.
Ø He is an absolutely brilliant cook.
Ø It is an unusually long pause.
Ø It's so important it's hardly worth mentioning.
Ø This book is well worth reading.
Ø Her high heels emphasized her already perfect legs.
Ø The new minister was faced with a seemingly impossible task.
Ø He had brought chaos to her once perfect life.
Ø Your birthday is still some way off.
Ø She comes across as shy, but she's actually very confident.
Ø It is the most highly decorated unit in the British Army
Post – Modifiers
যে modifier, noun head-এর পরে বসে তাকে post-modifier বলে।
একটি noun তার অনুগামী
phrase কিংবা clause দ্বারাও
modified হতে পারে।
Examples:
Ø
I
found the problem solved.
Ø
The
baby looking very beautiful was drinking milk.
উপরের sentence দুটিতে solved
এবং looking very beautiful যথাক্রমে
problem এবং baby'র পরে বসে উক্ত Noun
দুটিকে modify করে তাই এদেরকে Post-modifier বলে।
Pre-modifier-এর মতো post-modifier
বিভিন্ন ধরনের হয়। নিচে post-modifier-এর বিভিন্ন ধরন সম্পর্কে আলোচনা করা হলো:
1.
Relative clause as
post-modifier:
Relative clause প্রায়শ noun-কে
modify করে। নিচের passage-এর
bold করা শব্দগুলো লক্ষ করো:
The
journalists wanted to interview the doctor who
attended the patient. They wrote a letter which was signed by the editor and sent it to the doctor. The
doctor suggested them to talk to the patient who was recovering quickly.
Other
Examples:
Ø
I
think it was your mother who phoned.
Ø
He
is one of those people who love to be the centre of
attention.
Ø
She
rang Mohit, who was a good friend as well as the family doctor.
Ø
The
other people that live in the flat are really friendly.
Ø
The
woman who needs
constant attention is cared for by relatives.
Ø
The
house which was completed in 19th century was famous for its huge marble
staircase.
Ø
Entries
which are not in accordance with the rules will be disqualified.
Ø
He
was messing with the coffee pot, which was acting up
again.
Ø
He
urged them to adhere to the values of Islam which
defend the dignity of men.
Ø
There
are two main problems which afflict people with
hearing impairments.
Ø
Hay
fever is an affection which arrives at an early age.
Ø
People
will accept suffering that can be shown to lead a
greater good.
Ø
There
is a method that provides an acceptably accurate
solution to a problem.
2.
Prepositional phrase as post-modifier:
Prepositional phrase কখনো কখনো noun-কে
modify করে। নিচের
passage-এর
bold করা শব্দগুলো লক্ষ করো:
The
midfielder with a red arm band, in jersey number 10 was Jinadine Jidane. He was the captain of the French
Football Team in the World Cup of 2006.
Other
Examples:
Ø
Life
in the 19th century was very different from what it is now.
Ø
Advances
in medical science are praiseworthy.
Ø
A
tall woman with dark hair looks very beautiful.
Ø
Mr.
Rahim with an income of fifty thousand taka per
month can afford this loan.
Ø
Only
people with plenty of money can help the destitute people in the society.
Ø
A
tall gentleman with a beard bought a book with a green cover.
Ø
An
investigation into the events leading up to his death was questionable.
3. Post-modifier হিসেবে থাকতে পারে যে কোনো Adjective;
Examples:
Ø
They
found her mother sick.
Ø
We
tried to push the door open.
Ø
Don't
boil the egg hard.
Ø
The
judge set the prisoner free.
Ø
The
headache drove her mad.
Ø
The
terrorists lay the country waste.
Ø
The
weather has turned the leaves yellow.
Ø
She
likes her coffee strong.
4.
Present Participle/Present Participle phrase as post-modifier:
কখনো কখনো Present Participle/Present Participle phrase, Adjective হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়ে Post-modifier-এর কাজ করে।
Examples:
·
I
saw the girl singing.
·
The
birds flying in the sky look very
attractive.
·
I
saw the boys playing in the field.
·
He
found the girl dancing on stage.
·
The
baby came to its mother crying.
·
Mamun
found the cat drinking milk.
·
We
tried to keep the ball rolling.
·
His
thesis paper set me thinking.
·
He
caught the boy stealing mangoes.
·
Father
found him reading a book in his room.
·
We
can't imagine Farid running away like that.
·
The
teacher can't have them wasting their time in this
way.
5. Past Participle/Past Participle phrase as post-modifier: কখনো কখনো Past Participle/Past Participle phrase, Adjective হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়ে Post-modifier-এর কাজ করে।
Examples:
Ø
Rina
found the glass broken.
Ø
The
book written by Mr. Jasimuddin Ahmed was
published a few days ago.
Ø
The
building constructed fifty years ago collapsed yesterday.
Ø
The
cat found on the road is very good.
Ø
The
letter sent by my friend was highly informative.
Ø
The
man got the work done.
Ø
We
found the place deserted.
Ø
The
boy did not hear his name called.
Ø
The
officer wanted the work completed quickly.
Ø
He
got his hair cut yesterday.
Ø
We
must have our house painted next month.
Ø
Have
that tooth pulled out.
Ø
The
sailor had his right leg amputated.
6. কখনো Adverb-ও Post-modifier হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়।
Examples:
The
authority here are
very strict. (here as pest-modifier)
Read
the examples above and answer the
questions below. (above
and below as post-modifier)
The
librarian has put the books on the shelf.
They
took the children to the zoo.
He
gave his money away.
He
took a taxi because he was late.
The
bus knocked Shima down.
Turn
the gas on.
Turn
the light off.
7. অনেক সময়
Noun phrase/Noun প্রধান Noun-এর পরে বসে
Post-modifier রূপে ব্যবহৃত হয়।
Example:
Rabindranath,
the world-poet, is my favourite writer.
8. Infinitive phrase as post-modifier: Infinitive (to+ মূল verb-এর present form) phrase, post-modifter হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়।
Examples:
Ø
His
plan to be a doctor came out successful at last.
Ø
I
have an essay to write tomorrow.
Ø
We
went to hospital to see her sick father.
Ø Rashed has gone to Dhaka to purchase his necessary books.
Ø I have a mind to write a book on English literature.
Ø
His
dream to become the President of the country is simply a castle in the air.
Ø
We
must engage six men to do the work.
Ø
He
bought a car to please his darling.
Ø
I
have found Mr. Karim to be friendly.
Ø
They
felt the plan to be wise.
Ø
They
supposed Ratan to be a spy.
Ø We proved Rehena to be wrong.
Ø
The
teacher ordered the boy to be punctual.
Ø
Mother
advised Sushmita to do the work.
Ø
You
promised Kazol to give the book.
Ø
I
requested Mr. Johan to do the work.
Ø
I
watched the old man to cross the road.
9.
Case in Apposition/Appositive as post-modifier: মাঝে মাঝে
Case in Apposition/Appositive post-
modifier হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়।
Examples:
§
Mr
Islam, my only son, has become a B.Sc
engineer.
§
Mr.
Sayem, Headmaster of Shalbon High School,
is an honest man.
§
Mr.
Ali, a doctor, is
working in Bangladesh.
§
Rahim,
expert of ENT, was also very active,
sincere and strict person.
§
Salman
Haque, Principal of ABC College, is a
well-known person in the locality.
তবে, Appositive-কে Post-modifier হিসেবে sentence-এর মধ্যে সঠিকভাবে উপস্থাপন করতে এর সম্পর্কে পরিষ্কার ধারণা থাকতে হবে। তাই নিম্নে Appositive সম্পর্কে আলোচনা করা হলো:
যা প্রধানত Sentence-এর subject এবং object সম্পর্কে অতিরিক্ত তথ্য প্রদান করে, তাকে Appositive বা Case in Apposition বলে।
Appositive প্রধানত দুইভাবে ব্যবহৃত হয়। যেমন-
(i) Nominative in Appositive: এক্ষেত্রে Appositive-টি Sentence-এর subject-এর পরে বসে subject-টি সম্পর্কে অতিরিক্ত তথ্য প্রদান করে।
Example:
Mr. Bashir, Principal of ABC College, is a learned man.
এখানে, Mr. Bashir সম্পর্কে অতিরিক্ত তথ্য প্রদান করা হচ্ছে- তা হলো তিনি ABC কলেজের Principal. লক্ষণীয় যে, Nominative in Appositive-টির শুরুতে ও শেষে অবশ্যই "Comma" ব্যবহার করতে হবে।
আবার
কখনো কখনো Appositive-টি
Subject-এর পূর্বে বসে। সেক্ষেত্রে Appositive-টির পরে
'comma' ব্যবহৃত হয়। যেমন-
The famous epic, the Mahabharata, is studied as a religious book.
(ii) Objective in Appositive: এক্ষেত্রে Appositive-টি Sentence-এর Subject সম্পর্কে অতিরিক্ত তথ্য প্রদান করে।
Examples:
Ø I knew Stephen Hawking, the greatest physicist after Einstein.
Ø
I
have read 'Shesher Kabita', Rabindranath Tagore's
famous novel.
Ø I have read, 'Ruposhi Bangla', Jibanananda Das's famous poem.
এখানে, 'Stephen Hawking', 'Shesher Kabita' এবং 'Ruposhi Bangla'-এর পরে Objective in Appositive ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে, যা object সম্পর্কে অতিরিক্ত তথ্য প্রদান করছে। তবে এক্ষেত্রে object-এর পরে "Comma" ব্যবহৃত হয়।
Dangling – modifier
Pangling
modifier হলো একটি বা একগুচ্ছ শব্দ যা
বাক্যস্থিত অন্য কোনো শব্দকে অস্পষ্টভাবে
modify করে। Dangling modifier সাধারণত
Sentence-এর শুরুতে বসে। তবে Sentence-এর শেষেও এটি বসতে পারে।
নিচের
উদাহরণটি লক্ষ কর।
Having finished the study, Sabrina turned on the FM radio.
উপরের Sentence-টিতে 'Having finished' কোনো কাজ নির্দেশ করে কিন্তু কাজটি কে সম্পাদন করে তা নির্দেশ করে না। এই ধরনের Sentence & Main clause-এ Subject-এর উল্লেখ থাকে। উপরের Sentence-টিতে Sabrina হলো Subject এবং 'Having finished the study' এই Phrase-টি 'Sabrina' সম্পর্কিত।
এবার
নিচের উদাহরণটি লক্ষ করো-
Having finished the study, the FM radio was turned on.
উপরের Sentence-টিতে 'The FM radio' set কোনো Subject নয়। এমনকি 'FM radio' set তার study-ও সম্পন্ন করে না। Sentence-টিতে Participle phrase 'Having finished the study'-তে Subject সম্পর্কে clearly কোনো ধারণা দেয়া হয়নি।
এই Participle phrase-টিই Dangling modifier.
আরও একটি উদাহরণ লক্ষ করোঃ After reaching the city, the citizens are found gloomy.
এখানে 'the citizens' হলো Main clause-এর Subject কিন্তু এটি 'After reaching the city' এই Phrase-এর Subject নয়, এমনকি এই Phrase-এর কোনো কাজও সম্পাদন করে না। অতএব, এই Phrase-টিই Dangling modifier.
বস্তুত Dangling modifier মূল বাক্যের সঙ্গে বা এর কোনো অংশের সঙ্গে ব্যাকরণগতভাবে সম্পর্কযুক্ত নয়। তাই এটি বাক্যের অর্থ সম্বন্ধে ভ্রান্তির সৃষ্টি করে। প্রায় সব ক্ষেত্রেই এটি unrelated বা misrelated participle (past, present or perfect) হয়ে থাকে। বাক্যের অর্থ শুদ্ধ ও সুস্পষ্টরূপে প্রকাশ করার জন্য unrelated বা misrelated participle তথা Dangling modifier পরিহার করা বাঞ্ছনীয়।
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